The Negro Movement - 1364 Words

Looking back at the history of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to strive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. Leaving footprints of great individuals as well as set a path way for future generations to follow; setting a trend for Black greatness. After the American Civil War there was a spark within the African American culture†¦show more content†¦Additionally, there were other aspects of Black greatness emerging from oppression. â€Å"†¦Through their artistry, the literature of this period helped to facilitate a transformation from the psychology of th e â€Å"Old Negro† (characterized by an implied inferiority of the post-Reconstruction era when black artists often did not control the means of production or editorial prerogatives) to the â€Å"New Negro† (characterized as self-assertive, racially conscious, articulate, and, for the most part, in charge of what they produced). Landmark texts that marked this transformation and encouraged increased exploration of African American experience through literature included The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), edited by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The short-lived literary magazine Fire!! (1926) also had a significant impact on the literary production because it represented the efforts of younger African American writers (such as Hughes and Hurston) to claim their own creativity apart from older artists (such as DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), as well as to establish autonomy from potential white exploiters...† (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, project editor. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia LigginsShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of The Negro World1407 Words   |  6 Pages at the age of 28, and cultivated the American Negro through his oratory that is seen as the awaken of Black Nationalism. Garvey’s work does not end in America, he’s efforts were world-wide but not limited to Africa to Nova Scotia, and South America. It has been stated that Garvey raised more money and grew a membership than any other Negro organization to date. Coined as the Black Moses, Garvey’s stated â€Å"I know no national boundary where the Negro is concerned. The whole world is my province untilRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Negro Movement, also known as the Harlem Renaissance, spanned in the 1920s in wh ich African American culture attained unparalleled political and social recognition despite the ongoing horrors of being black in America. New Negro was coined during the Harlem Renaissance indicating a more open advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. The movement weakened the notion of the African diaspora as an event of forced migration isolated in the past andRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement843 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the New Negro Movement, was an important time period for African American culture in the United States. It was an innovating period where many unknown artists became prominent for their talent and ethnic heritage, and brought upon many new connections between races. As a cultural movement, the Harlem Renaissance brought changes to America that would have long term effects on how art is created, viewed, and accepted. â€Å"The Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement, it po ssessedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1459 Words   |  6 Pagestheir way to freedom. Most of them migrated to New York, particularly in the district of Harlem (Bolarinwa). Harlem was characterized as â€Å"not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse elements of Negro life† (Bolarinwa). The Harlem Renaissance, known to be â€Å"The New Negro Movement† (Bolarinwa), gave spark to the African Americans to emerge their new lifestyle with works that were rooted in their own culture, rather than imitating the culturesRead MoreThe New Negro Movement, By Zora Neale Hurston1720 Words   |  7 Pages1, in a relatively small section in New York City and ended during the aftermath of The Great Depression. This was by far one of the most influential movements in African American culture. African Americans took pride in themselves and in their culture and wanted to showcase this through fr eedom of expression. Self-love in the â€Å"New Negro Movement† was monumental as it spread not only through Harlem, NY but also throughout the world. Innovators such as Zora Neale Hurston who was a novelist, anthropologistRead MoreAaron Douglas, The New Negro Movements Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican could draw, paint or sculpt something so beautiful. According to historyoftheharlemrenaissance.weebly.com, Between 1920-1930 and outburst of creativity among African American occurred in every aspect of art. This cultural movement became known as the New Negro Movement later the Harlem renaissance. The art today isnt really memorable but during that time it was, it expressed how the people in Harlem were feeling and they told a story through their artwork. All the different artists had differentRead More`` Walls Of Jericho ``999 Words   |  4 Pagesago. But the complexion of the place is theirs, not mine. I? Why, I am actually stared at, I frequently feel uncomfortable and out of place, and when I go out on the floor to dance I am lost in a sea of white faces†¦Time was when white people went to Negro cabarets to see how Negroes acted; now Negroes go to these same cabarets to see how white people act.† African-American physician, radiologist, musician and novelist Rudolph Fisher was coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, whose fiction credibly illustratedRead MoreAnalysis of the New Negro Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn the beginning Alain Locke tells us about the â€Å"tide of negro migration.† During this time in a movement known as the Great Migration, thousands of African-Americans also known as Negros left their homes in the South and moved North toward the beach line of big cities in search of employment and a new beginning. As Locke stated, â€Å"the wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of Northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economicRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1168 Words   |  5 Pagespositive gains that have been achieved by the civil rights movement. In this speech King provided his audience with several facts on how the people have came a long way from where they began and that the civil rights movement has made a great progress in its struggle for equal treatment under the law. In King s speech, he begins by claiming that they have come a long way from where they began. As he starts to speak about the growth of the Negro community he states, Now let us notice first that we veRead MoreNew Negro Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThe abolition of slavery in the United States presented southern African Americans with many new opportunities, including the option of relocation in search of better living conditions. The mass movement of black people from the rural areas of the South to the cities of the North, known as the Black Migration, came in the 1890s when black men and women left the south to settle in cities such as Philadelphia and New York, fleeing from the rise of Jim Crowe Laws and searching for work. This migration

African American Culture s Justice System - 993 Words

Since the 17th century, African Americans have been ridiculed, devalued, and oppressed. To be more exact 1616 is the year that African Americans started to become an enslaved race. Slavery was just the first chapter in the book of African American oppression. Ever since then society has treated the black community, as if they do not belong in America. The Jim Crow laws made it so that black people were excluded from a majority of the rights and resources that were supposed to be available for everybody. Mass incarceration is just a new, but subtler, version of oppressing the African American community. This is all due to our â€Å"justice† system. Our culture’s justice system needs to be reformed because, race affects your everyday life, mass incarceration impacts you when you are in and out of prison, and too many people feel that American is a colorblind nation. One of the reasons our culture’s idea of justice needs to be reformed is because, race plays too much of a factor in how you are treated today in society. In her book, The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander states that â€Å"three out of four young black men can expect to serve time in prison.†(Alexander, Pg. 6) This shows of how a majority of the African American population is expected to be in jail at least once in their life. This is one of the reasons why black people tend to be afraid of the police. This is also important because, it clearly shows of how the black population is geared to be incarcerated. When I readShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations Universal Human Rights Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesstandard for every individual’s rights. Focusing on culture, one may see that cultural rights are not clearly defined and are oftentimes in conflict with other types of rights. In this paper, I will first discuss the United Nations’ use of ‘cultu ral’ in its universal human rights in relation to the concept of cultural relativism. Then, using South African and American practices, such as virginity testing and discriminatory criminal justice system respectively, I will describe and analyze practicesRead MoreThe Classification Of Native Americans1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe classification of Native Americans by the United States government has long produced tension. Native Americans within the United States are classified using standards that differ from those used to classify other racial or ethnic minorities, specifically African Americans. While, historically, the classification of African-Americans as relied upon the â€Å"one-drop† rule, the classification of Native Americans over the past hundred years has relied upon varying, complicated, and ultimately arbitraryRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesunequal treatment in various systems that impact people in the society negatively. Racial biases exist unconsciously in our attitudes. This leads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas are popular culture and the media. Both frame images of African Americans and utilize the images to provideRead MoreThe Downfall Of The Black Experience1559 Words   |  7 PagesMany Americans point to the suffering of the African American experience from the internal problems in African Americans communities; however, they neglect the external social constraints that African Americans have faces in America. African Americans have suffered oppression through social institution through factors such as Segregation, Racial Crimination, and Mass incarnation. The constraint of segregation was a way of social, political, and economical control over African Ameri cans. African AmericansRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 PagesImagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegalRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagestreatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. Racial discrimination can be researched back in history its leading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American co mmunity has the highest number of incarceration rates result within the criminal justice system. According to many evidence and statistics is can be stated that at a presidential primary debate BarackRead MoreInjustice Is The Lack Of Fairness Or Justice1285 Words   |  6 PagesInjustice is the lack of fairness or justice. According to the U.S. Justice Department, in 2003 about 10.4% of all African American men between the ages of 25 to 29 were incarcerated, as compared to 2.4% of Hispanic men and 1.2% of non-Hispanic White men. This seems to be an injustice to me that even with this information being 10 years old there has been no significant change in these numbers or at least an equal distribution of the individuals incarcerated. African American men have a one-in- three chanceRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 Pagescolor fall victim to. America s justice system by our constitution intends to provide justice for all; however, I be lieve that racial profiling continues to deter from that goal because of its negative inflictions by our structural law enforcement, society, and cultural upbringing. Native American, Caucasians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic is all vastly discriminated when we as people, consider race as a viable indicator of weakness. Native Americans are seen as people whose pre-ColumbianRead MoreEssay Police Culture1335 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Culture Marissa Efros, Lysa Lawson, Awele Meju, Makita Walker, Joseph Washington CJA/214 May 24, 2012 Jesse Banks Police Culture The history of policing can be traced back to the beginning of time. When looking at the subject of police work there is a large culture and history that follows along with it. There are many topics that can be analyzed when identifying, and describing the elements and the significances that are associated with policing. A largeRead MoreRacially Based Jury Nullification : Black Power Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal Justice system† by Paul Butler Introduction The article Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice system was written in December, 1995 in a Yale Law Journal by Paul Butler, and then later republished in 2015 in Introduction to Legal Studies. This article was published in North America, for academics in the law stream, or anyone with an interest in law. The author poses different views on the racism in todays court rooms faced by African Americans. In this essay

Commercial and Company Law Regards of Advertising

Question: Describe about the Commercial and Company Law for Regards of Advertising. Answer: Solution There are three basic problems that are raised in the given scenario: Solution 1 Law of contract Issue Is there a valid contract between Vanessa and Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd? Law The question raised relates to the law of contract. A contract is said to be formed between two persons when there is an offer made by an offeror and the same is accepted by another person known as offeree[1]. But only an offer and an acceptance does not brings a contract into existence as there must be presence of consideration, intention and capacity of parties to make a valid contract[2]. An offer is an intent to carry out certain acts or inactions desired by one person (offeror) which is communicated to another person (offeree) with a desire of consent[3]. However, an invitation to treat is not an offer, rather, it is an invitation to invite offers from persons and upon receiving offers the same might be accepted or rejected by the person inviting the offer. In Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots advertisement ware considered as invitations.[4] An acceptance is said to be made when the offer is assented to by the offeree upon the terms contained in offer. An acceptance must be same as an offer[5]. A consideration is the value which is paid in return for the performance of the promise by one party to the other [6]. The parties to the contract must have capacity i.e. they must be of sound mind and major. There must be intention to be in legal relation with each other by the parties. Generally presence of legal intention is presumed to be there are commercial contracts and absent in domestic/ social contracts unless otherwise proved[7]. All the elements are necessary to formulate a valid contract[8]. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd gave an advertisement regarding sale of Mazda. In the ewspaper it was stated Used car sale. Unbeatable offers on 3-year old models. Low kilometres. 12-month warranty. Vanessa wanted a car and visited Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd and liked a yellow Mazda. She notes that the odometer showed that the car had run 75,000. The salesman further told her: Personally, I think this one is the best of the lot. Vanessa tells that she can pay $9,500 cash Nikhil assents to the same. Nikhil prepares sale document but here is no mentioning of warranty over it and Vanessa signs the same. Three months later car had slipping out of gear mechanic tells her that repairing that will cost her $2,500. And moreover the mechanic from the service record shows actually the car covered 175,000 kilometres. The advertisement in the newspaper by Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd was an invitation to treat as held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots (1953). Thus an offer was made by Vanessa upon the same and was accepted by Nikhil. Furthered, the parties are capable and intent to create a legal relationship with a valid consideration of $9500. So all the elements of contract that is an offer its acceptance, consideration, intention to be in legal relation and capacity are present. Conclusion So there is a binding contract in the instant case. Solution 2 Law of Misrepresentation Issue Can Vanessa claim anything from Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd. under common law? Law The question raised relates to the common law of misrepresentation. Whenever a contract is entered between the parties and one of the parties while entering into a contract misrepresents or deceives the other party then in that case the other party can sue the defaulting party under common law. Remedies under Common Law Misrepresentation exists in common law when one party knowingly makes a false statement to another party in order to mislead that other party and persuades him to enter into contract with such mislead party on the basis of such false statement. The various elements that are mandatory for establishing misrepresentation are[9]: The statements made must not be future statements and they must pertain to present or past only[10]. The statements in the form of opinion are not misrepresentations[11]. The party who makes a false statement must have knowledge that the same is false[12]. The statements must be made with the intention to influence the other party to give its assent to the contract[13]. A party who had been misrepresented can rescind the contract and also has the right to claim damages[14]. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application A contract was made between Vanessa and Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd but still there are remedies which Vanessa can avail the common law as she had been misrepresented by Nikhil. She was told that the car had run 75000 but in fact it had 175000 which was the major reason for purchase of instant car by Vanessa. Hence a factual statement was made to induce her to make a contract. Moreover about the opinion of the salesperson that this was the best in lot would not be covered under misrepresentation as it was an opinion and hold no value. Conclusion So, has right to rescind the contract and can claim damages in instant case. Solution 3 Section 18 of the ACL Issue Can Vanessa claim anything from Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd. under Australian Consumer Law? Law The question raised relates to section 18 of the Australian Consumer law. If there is misleading conduct by any party then the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) incorporates the liabilities that can be imposed upon such breaching party. As per Section 18 of the ACL, the parties while in trade and commerce should not engage themselves in deceptive or misleading conduct. The elements which are necessary to establish that the party had mislead are[15]. The statement can be written or oral one. The statement must relate to commercial transactions. Silence does not amounts to misrepresentation unless otherwise is proved[16]. In case the party who is being deceived knows that it is being misrepresented then the above section does not applies[17]. As per case law of Yorke v Lucas (1985) in case there is no intentional deception by any party and the other party suffers then in that case the section does not applies[18]. This section does not apply when the deception relates to future transaction and only applies to past and present events. In case of violation of section 18 of the Australian Consumer law the following consequences may follow:[19] As per section 236 of Australian Consumer law damages can be seeked by the suffering party. As per section 243(2) of Australian consumer law the suffering partty may get ancillary orders against the deceiving party. The suffering party can get its money refunded. The suffering party can get declaration regarding the contrcat as void from court and can get avoid the contract entered into by it with he deceiving party. As per section 232 to 236 of Australian Consumer Law the suffering party can get injunction orders from court. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application As per statutory law i.e. Australian Consumer Law Vanessa has certain rights. As per section 18 of Australian Consumer Law, Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd deceived Vanessa and gave her wrong information about the previous run of car which leads to purchase of that car by Vanessa. The same was done in trading with Vanessa by Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd. So Vanessa has rights and remedies as per section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law in which she can avoid the contract and claim from Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd. Also apart from other remedies in said section as stated. Conclusion It can be stated that Vanessa has rights under statutory law and Nikhil will have to pay for the deception on its part and Vanessa will be able to rescind the contract entered with Nikhil as per law stated above.

Research Methodology and Statistics

Various research approaches Correlation study This is the study that uses statistical measures to identify the relationship existing between variables. One of the advantages is that it provides room for simple observation of variables in their original set-up. It also protects the results hence no room for manipulation. Its disadvantage is that it does not have the ability to relate variables (McMillan and Schumacher, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) define a correlation study as â€Å"a quantitative method of research in which you measure two variables for each individual. Its collected data determines whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables† (p. 191). â€Å"Correlation study shows the relationship between two variables but do not g ive inner details and description on the mechanism of the relationship† (Gay et al., 2006, p. 11). In this study researchers are capable of making predictions on things having familiar correlation unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.32). Disadvantage is that it is not easy to remember correlational study since cause is not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish the cause of phenomena despite the existing relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p. 45). Casual-comparative study This is the method that reveals casual relationship existing between variables. It relates the subject in question to already available data provided by the management. The availability of management in this design helps in providing sufficient information for the study. However, in some instances in-depth study on independent variables is required so as to develop necessary test differences between groups. Example is a research study done on the ca uses of death amongst the newborn babies, the researcher selects the record on actual cases of babies who have died within the first month of life and then record the ‘controls’ who are the babies who survives their first month of life. The researcher then interviews the nurses to compare the history of these two groups in order to determine the prevailing risk factors that might have caused the deaths as opposed to survival (Holland et al., 1985).Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advantage is that researchers are â€Å"able to make predictions† on things that their correlations are known unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). The variables used in this study cannot be manipulated, hence making this method desirable. This is quite different from other study methods like correlation. The study tries to â€Å"highlight the cause of the effect† making implementation easier (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p. 190). Disadvantage of Correlation is that is difficult to remember since causes are not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish causes of events despite the relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). Also compared to other study types like quasi experimental study, casual-comparative does not provide â€Å"an actual or accurate data to the researcher† (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p.222). Quasi-experimental study This study examines the results through comparison of subjects that receive program activities and the results of such similar group that do not receive program activities. The results before and after group’s participation are compared. The advantage of this type of experiment is that it has the ability to reveal causes and effects. Its disadvantage is that it cannot establish relationship between the results (Campbell and Stanley, 1963). Quasi experiment can be very valuable in providing important information such as; detailed information about the population under study, information that identifies the expected changes and results, detailed data on the level of change that occurs over a period of time, it also provides information on the changing outcomes and those that do not change (Bogdan and Biklen, 2007). Experimental study This is the method where the variables defining one or more phenomena can be adjusted to suite the definition of other variables. One of the advantages is that it allows for direct manipulation and control of the independent variable. It limits any other explanations and allows direct casual relationship between variables. One of the limitations is that it requires a laboratory for the experiment to be undertaken; this affects the outcome since the results are artificially generated. There is minimal control of variables and this may sometimes make the experiments difficult to undertake (Campbel l and Stanley, 1963).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sampling approaches Sampling is the process where a subgroup is picked from a population and then used as the main study phenomena to reveal the characteristics of the whole population. This makes it easy for the researcher to generalize the issues about the population based on the characteristics of the sample group. Advantage of sampling methods is that it is easier to collect data from small number of participants. Large population can be described using several variables which might prove to be very expensive (Borg, Gall, and Gall, 1993; Gall, Borg and Gall, 1996). The following are the different types of sampling approaches used; Random sampling This is the non-systematic collection of samples from whole population. Every member within the population holds an equal opportunity to b e included in the sample, all the process is based on chance. Example when one wants to identify preferred candidate for a post. A list of citizens who are registered voters within the region is obtained, then the names are written on cards after which the cards are mixed and selected randomly based on chance. Advantage of this method is that it provides opportunity for participation of all subjects. This approach is preferred over others because it provides chance for general results. For instance if there was a study to collect results from twenty people selected randomly or from 100 people selected using other methods, the small sample is found convenient to work with. Disadvantages include the fact that this method must have a list indicating all population members, it is also more expensive to conduct, time consuming and the data can be easily manipulated. Stratified sampling In this approach, random samples are collected from identified groups within the population. Advantage of this approach is that it ensures there is proportional presentation of members from a particular group. The disadvantages is that it’s a bit complicated and requires a lot of input since each strata must be defined in a more careful way.Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This approach is used where the population comprises of distinct sub-groups that must be studied. In this case accurate estimate of each sub-group is made by taking sample of adequate size from each stratum. Estimate of the whole population can be done by first knowing the total population of each strata then adding their estimates. Cluster sampling This is where samples of successive groups are identified and divided into small units. Cluster sampling results in less accurate estimates of indicators as compared to random sampling. This is because participants found within the clusters may sometimes show similar characteristics. One advantage of this sampling method is that it is possible to work with local list even without the list of population members; it is also possible to isolate members to avoid unnecessary contradictions. Disadvantage of this method is that sometimes it is difficult to â€Å"equate clusters in a level† due to differences in characteristics. This call s for increase in the size of sample in order to find varied characteristics (Black, 1999, p 118; Wiersma, 1995). An example where it can be used is where population is spread over wide area posing some difficulty in data collection. Cluster sampling is used to concentrate fieldwork in specific clusters. External and Internal Validity of a Study Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) defines validity as â€Å"the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure; a test is valid for a particular purpose for a particular group† (p153 and 603). Validity focuses on testing and measuring the intended phenomenon. There are four types of validity; â€Å"Content validity indicates the level to which a test measures a sample of a whole population to establish its characteristics. Criterion validity indicates the capability of predicting test scores hence estimating performance based on the appraised test. While construct validity looks at mental interpretation of test performance† (Creswell, 2008, p172; Gay et al., 2006, p.152). Internal validity is a case where the research is examined to reveal whether it demonstrated any valid relationship between the variables under study (Patton, 1990). The study is considered internally valid in a case where the effects on dependant variable are due to the differences that exist between independent variables. Threats to internal validity include; past events, growth, testing, human disadvantages and effects from instruments, statistical regression, selection, mortality and imitation of treatments. On the other hand External validity presents ways on which findings are generalized across entire population or subjects under investigation (Altheide and Johnson, 1994). Threats to external validity include; â€Å"relationship between treatment and attributes, relationship between treatment and setting, conflict between multiple and treatment, pretest and post-test sensitization† (Gay et al., 2008, pp241-247). External and internal validity are related in that as more controls are implemented which increases the internal validity; the generalization of the experiment reduces. There are several threats that affect validity; however the researcher need to take some necessary measures which include; avoid using pretest results if at all it might have some effects on the posttest results (Katzer, Cook and Crouch, 1998). Also the length of the treatment period should be shortened when there is prediction that the objects used may not survive the treatment period set, dividing the subjects into half if at all the post-test may differ from the pre-test results. Prediction of non-performance of subjects on an experimental task leads to development of an alternative instruction manual (Brownell, 1992). To strengthen internal validity researchers must identify all potential barriers before running an experiment. Researchers need to implement control techniques such as balancing samples through random selection. They should further use appropriate experimental designs. Strengthening of external validity involves experimenting on a phenomenon within labs that are free from real world duplicates. Researchers also need to find out if the environment in the laboratory is the same as that in real world. Example: A researcher compares the scores of students on discussion question versus those who do not explain their points on the same questions (Yin, 1994). If the findings indicate that those who discuss questions score significantly higher than the other group, it implies that discussion of questions is effective. If at all the students who elaborate on questions are given more exercises on how to answer the questions than those who do not, then there is involvement of extraneous variable which weakens the quality and validity of the experiment (Cooper and Schindler, 2001; Leedy, 1997). Example: The percentage change in the incidence of crime in the 106th Precinct may have been the result of the normal decline in crime experienced during the fall of the year and may have had little or nothing to do with 15% increase patrol officers. The decrease in crime experienced may be attributed to any of these factors; increased patrol effects, low crime due to season, or both factors. The study is considered to be logically confounded since there was no control on seasonal variation in crime (Friel, 2010). Statistics A variable is a subject that is measured in a research study; it can be in form of an object, event or any other measurable category. It is divided into independent and dependent variable (Hittleman and Simon, 2006; Creswell, 2008). An independent variable is a variable whose characteristics are not changed by other variables, it stands alone. Examples include; â€Å"age, gender and training course† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). While dependent variable is that variable which depends on other factors, it is subject to change depending on ho w it is influenced by others (Gay and Airasian, 2000, pp 571-590). A good example is â€Å"frequency of smoking† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). Case study I In this case the independent variable include teaching, this is because other factors such as new technology, student’s attitude might not change the meaning. Dependent variables include; student’s attitude, technology, Professor, and students. Student’s attitude is subject to change depending on the interest towards the subject and the teacher involved. Technology is subject to change depending on people’s ideas and its level of effectiveness. Professor is subject to change depending on how he/she adjusts to the new technology. The student’s are also subject to change depending on how involving the new technology is, they might improve on their study performance or not. This is non-experimental research since the independent variables cannot be measured but only observed. The statistical met hod to be used in this study is the unpaired t-test since in both groups students and teachers are independent of each other while the teaching process remains continuous (Creswell, 1994; Glass and Hopkins, 1984). Sample size n= 56 representing only one group, sample mean u= 28 STD deviation = 31.113 Variance = 968.01 Case study II In this case the dependent variable is the reinforcement schedules since the schedules can only be observed and not controlled. While the independent variables are the rein forcers (i.e. food, money and token) since they can easily be manipulated by the experimenter (Hart, 1998). In this case unpaired t-test will be used since the parameters are continuous and distributed. Comparison is to be made of the continuous distribution parameter in more than two independent variables; ANOVA will be used to generalize the unpaired t-test. This is an experimental research since the independent variables can be manipulated. Case Study III In this case independent va riable is the student achievement since it can be controlled and adjusted. While the dependent variable is their Scholastic Aptitude Test since it cannot be controlled it is natural. This is non experimental since the researcher cannot manipulate the results (Stake, 1995). Correlation analysis is suited for the analysis of this case; this is because the study tends to examine the strength of correlation between two variables that is SAT and scores. 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