The Negro Movement - 1364 Words

Looking back at the history of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to strive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. Leaving footprints of great individuals as well as set a path way for future generations to follow; setting a trend for Black greatness. After the American Civil War there was a spark within the African American culture†¦show more content†¦Additionally, there were other aspects of Black greatness emerging from oppression. â€Å"†¦Through their artistry, the literature of this period helped to facilitate a transformation from the psychology of th e â€Å"Old Negro† (characterized by an implied inferiority of the post-Reconstruction era when black artists often did not control the means of production or editorial prerogatives) to the â€Å"New Negro† (characterized as self-assertive, racially conscious, articulate, and, for the most part, in charge of what they produced). Landmark texts that marked this transformation and encouraged increased exploration of African American experience through literature included The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), edited by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The short-lived literary magazine Fire!! (1926) also had a significant impact on the literary production because it represented the efforts of younger African American writers (such as Hughes and Hurston) to claim their own creativity apart from older artists (such as DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), as well as to establish autonomy from potential white exploiters...† (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, project editor. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia LigginsShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of The Negro World1407 Words   |  6 Pages at the age of 28, and cultivated the American Negro through his oratory that is seen as the awaken of Black Nationalism. Garvey’s work does not end in America, he’s efforts were world-wide but not limited to Africa to Nova Scotia, and South America. It has been stated that Garvey raised more money and grew a membership than any other Negro organization to date. Coined as the Black Moses, Garvey’s stated â€Å"I know no national boundary where the Negro is concerned. The whole world is my province untilRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Negro Movement, also known as the Harlem Renaissance, spanned in the 1920s in wh ich African American culture attained unparalleled political and social recognition despite the ongoing horrors of being black in America. New Negro was coined during the Harlem Renaissance indicating a more open advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. The movement weakened the notion of the African diaspora as an event of forced migration isolated in the past andRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement843 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the New Negro Movement, was an important time period for African American culture in the United States. It was an innovating period where many unknown artists became prominent for their talent and ethnic heritage, and brought upon many new connections between races. As a cultural movement, the Harlem Renaissance brought changes to America that would have long term effects on how art is created, viewed, and accepted. â€Å"The Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement, it po ssessedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1459 Words   |  6 Pagestheir way to freedom. Most of them migrated to New York, particularly in the district of Harlem (Bolarinwa). Harlem was characterized as â€Å"not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse elements of Negro life† (Bolarinwa). The Harlem Renaissance, known to be â€Å"The New Negro Movement† (Bolarinwa), gave spark to the African Americans to emerge their new lifestyle with works that were rooted in their own culture, rather than imitating the culturesRead MoreThe New Negro Movement, By Zora Neale Hurston1720 Words   |  7 Pages1, in a relatively small section in New York City and ended during the aftermath of The Great Depression. This was by far one of the most influential movements in African American culture. African Americans took pride in themselves and in their culture and wanted to showcase this through fr eedom of expression. Self-love in the â€Å"New Negro Movement† was monumental as it spread not only through Harlem, NY but also throughout the world. Innovators such as Zora Neale Hurston who was a novelist, anthropologistRead MoreAaron Douglas, The New Negro Movements Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican could draw, paint or sculpt something so beautiful. According to historyoftheharlemrenaissance.weebly.com, Between 1920-1930 and outburst of creativity among African American occurred in every aspect of art. This cultural movement became known as the New Negro Movement later the Harlem renaissance. The art today isnt really memorable but during that time it was, it expressed how the people in Harlem were feeling and they told a story through their artwork. All the different artists had differentRead More`` Walls Of Jericho ``999 Words   |  4 Pagesago. But the complexion of the place is theirs, not mine. I? Why, I am actually stared at, I frequently feel uncomfortable and out of place, and when I go out on the floor to dance I am lost in a sea of white faces†¦Time was when white people went to Negro cabarets to see how Negroes acted; now Negroes go to these same cabarets to see how white people act.† African-American physician, radiologist, musician and novelist Rudolph Fisher was coupled with the Harlem Renaissance, whose fiction credibly illustratedRead MoreAnalysis of the New Negro Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn the beginning Alain Locke tells us about the â€Å"tide of negro migration.† During this time in a movement known as the Great Migration, thousands of African-Americans also known as Negros left their homes in the South and moved North toward the beach line of big cities in search of employment and a new beginning. As Locke stated, â€Å"the wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of Northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economicRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1168 Words   |  5 Pagespositive gains that have been achieved by the civil rights movement. In this speech King provided his audience with several facts on how the people have came a long way from where they began and that the civil rights movement has made a great progress in its struggle for equal treatment under the law. In King s speech, he begins by claiming that they have come a long way from where they began. As he starts to speak about the growth of the Negro community he states, Now let us notice first that we veRead MoreNew Negro Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThe abolition of slavery in the United States presented southern African Americans with many new opportunities, including the option of relocation in search of better living conditions. The mass movement of black people from the rural areas of the South to the cities of the North, known as the Black Migration, came in the 1890s when black men and women left the south to settle in cities such as Philadelphia and New York, fleeing from the rise of Jim Crowe Laws and searching for work. This migration

African American Culture s Justice System - 993 Words

Since the 17th century, African Americans have been ridiculed, devalued, and oppressed. To be more exact 1616 is the year that African Americans started to become an enslaved race. Slavery was just the first chapter in the book of African American oppression. Ever since then society has treated the black community, as if they do not belong in America. The Jim Crow laws made it so that black people were excluded from a majority of the rights and resources that were supposed to be available for everybody. Mass incarceration is just a new, but subtler, version of oppressing the African American community. This is all due to our â€Å"justice† system. Our culture’s justice system needs to be reformed because, race affects your everyday life, mass incarceration impacts you when you are in and out of prison, and too many people feel that American is a colorblind nation. One of the reasons our culture’s idea of justice needs to be reformed is because, race plays too much of a factor in how you are treated today in society. In her book, The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander states that â€Å"three out of four young black men can expect to serve time in prison.†(Alexander, Pg. 6) This shows of how a majority of the African American population is expected to be in jail at least once in their life. This is one of the reasons why black people tend to be afraid of the police. This is also important because, it clearly shows of how the black population is geared to be incarcerated. When I readShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations Universal Human Rights Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesstandard for every individual’s rights. Focusing on culture, one may see that cultural rights are not clearly defined and are oftentimes in conflict with other types of rights. In this paper, I will first discuss the United Nations’ use of ‘cultu ral’ in its universal human rights in relation to the concept of cultural relativism. Then, using South African and American practices, such as virginity testing and discriminatory criminal justice system respectively, I will describe and analyze practicesRead MoreThe Classification Of Native Americans1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe classification of Native Americans by the United States government has long produced tension. Native Americans within the United States are classified using standards that differ from those used to classify other racial or ethnic minorities, specifically African Americans. While, historically, the classification of African-Americans as relied upon the â€Å"one-drop† rule, the classification of Native Americans over the past hundred years has relied upon varying, complicated, and ultimately arbitraryRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesunequal treatment in various systems that impact people in the society negatively. Racial biases exist unconsciously in our attitudes. This leads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas are popular culture and the media. Both frame images of African Americans and utilize the images to provideRead MoreThe Downfall Of The Black Experience1559 Words   |  7 PagesMany Americans point to the suffering of the African American experience from the internal problems in African Americans communities; however, they neglect the external social constraints that African Americans have faces in America. African Americans have suffered oppression through social institution through factors such as Segregation, Racial Crimination, and Mass incarnation. The constraint of segregation was a way of social, political, and economical control over African Ameri cans. African AmericansRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 PagesImagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegalRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagestreatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. Racial discrimination can be researched back in history its leading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American co mmunity has the highest number of incarceration rates result within the criminal justice system. According to many evidence and statistics is can be stated that at a presidential primary debate BarackRead MoreInjustice Is The Lack Of Fairness Or Justice1285 Words   |  6 PagesInjustice is the lack of fairness or justice. According to the U.S. Justice Department, in 2003 about 10.4% of all African American men between the ages of 25 to 29 were incarcerated, as compared to 2.4% of Hispanic men and 1.2% of non-Hispanic White men. This seems to be an injustice to me that even with this information being 10 years old there has been no significant change in these numbers or at least an equal distribution of the individuals incarcerated. African American men have a one-in- three chanceRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 Pagescolor fall victim to. America s justice system by our constitution intends to provide justice for all; however, I be lieve that racial profiling continues to deter from that goal because of its negative inflictions by our structural law enforcement, society, and cultural upbringing. Native American, Caucasians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic is all vastly discriminated when we as people, consider race as a viable indicator of weakness. Native Americans are seen as people whose pre-ColumbianRead MoreEssay Police Culture1335 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Culture Marissa Efros, Lysa Lawson, Awele Meju, Makita Walker, Joseph Washington CJA/214 May 24, 2012 Jesse Banks Police Culture The history of policing can be traced back to the beginning of time. When looking at the subject of police work there is a large culture and history that follows along with it. There are many topics that can be analyzed when identifying, and describing the elements and the significances that are associated with policing. A largeRead MoreRacially Based Jury Nullification : Black Power Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal Justice system† by Paul Butler Introduction The article Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice system was written in December, 1995 in a Yale Law Journal by Paul Butler, and then later republished in 2015 in Introduction to Legal Studies. This article was published in North America, for academics in the law stream, or anyone with an interest in law. The author poses different views on the racism in todays court rooms faced by African Americans. In this essay

Commercial and Company Law Regards of Advertising

Question: Describe about the Commercial and Company Law for Regards of Advertising. Answer: Solution There are three basic problems that are raised in the given scenario: Solution 1 Law of contract Issue Is there a valid contract between Vanessa and Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd? Law The question raised relates to the law of contract. A contract is said to be formed between two persons when there is an offer made by an offeror and the same is accepted by another person known as offeree[1]. But only an offer and an acceptance does not brings a contract into existence as there must be presence of consideration, intention and capacity of parties to make a valid contract[2]. An offer is an intent to carry out certain acts or inactions desired by one person (offeror) which is communicated to another person (offeree) with a desire of consent[3]. However, an invitation to treat is not an offer, rather, it is an invitation to invite offers from persons and upon receiving offers the same might be accepted or rejected by the person inviting the offer. In Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots advertisement ware considered as invitations.[4] An acceptance is said to be made when the offer is assented to by the offeree upon the terms contained in offer. An acceptance must be same as an offer[5]. A consideration is the value which is paid in return for the performance of the promise by one party to the other [6]. The parties to the contract must have capacity i.e. they must be of sound mind and major. There must be intention to be in legal relation with each other by the parties. Generally presence of legal intention is presumed to be there are commercial contracts and absent in domestic/ social contracts unless otherwise proved[7]. All the elements are necessary to formulate a valid contract[8]. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd gave an advertisement regarding sale of Mazda. In the ewspaper it was stated Used car sale. Unbeatable offers on 3-year old models. Low kilometres. 12-month warranty. Vanessa wanted a car and visited Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd and liked a yellow Mazda. She notes that the odometer showed that the car had run 75,000. The salesman further told her: Personally, I think this one is the best of the lot. Vanessa tells that she can pay $9,500 cash Nikhil assents to the same. Nikhil prepares sale document but here is no mentioning of warranty over it and Vanessa signs the same. Three months later car had slipping out of gear mechanic tells her that repairing that will cost her $2,500. And moreover the mechanic from the service record shows actually the car covered 175,000 kilometres. The advertisement in the newspaper by Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd was an invitation to treat as held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots (1953). Thus an offer was made by Vanessa upon the same and was accepted by Nikhil. Furthered, the parties are capable and intent to create a legal relationship with a valid consideration of $9500. So all the elements of contract that is an offer its acceptance, consideration, intention to be in legal relation and capacity are present. Conclusion So there is a binding contract in the instant case. Solution 2 Law of Misrepresentation Issue Can Vanessa claim anything from Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd. under common law? Law The question raised relates to the common law of misrepresentation. Whenever a contract is entered between the parties and one of the parties while entering into a contract misrepresents or deceives the other party then in that case the other party can sue the defaulting party under common law. Remedies under Common Law Misrepresentation exists in common law when one party knowingly makes a false statement to another party in order to mislead that other party and persuades him to enter into contract with such mislead party on the basis of such false statement. The various elements that are mandatory for establishing misrepresentation are[9]: The statements made must not be future statements and they must pertain to present or past only[10]. The statements in the form of opinion are not misrepresentations[11]. The party who makes a false statement must have knowledge that the same is false[12]. The statements must be made with the intention to influence the other party to give its assent to the contract[13]. A party who had been misrepresented can rescind the contract and also has the right to claim damages[14]. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application A contract was made between Vanessa and Nikhils Car Sales Pty Ltd but still there are remedies which Vanessa can avail the common law as she had been misrepresented by Nikhil. She was told that the car had run 75000 but in fact it had 175000 which was the major reason for purchase of instant car by Vanessa. Hence a factual statement was made to induce her to make a contract. Moreover about the opinion of the salesperson that this was the best in lot would not be covered under misrepresentation as it was an opinion and hold no value. Conclusion So, has right to rescind the contract and can claim damages in instant case. Solution 3 Section 18 of the ACL Issue Can Vanessa claim anything from Nikhil car sales Pty. Ltd. under Australian Consumer Law? Law The question raised relates to section 18 of the Australian Consumer law. If there is misleading conduct by any party then the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) incorporates the liabilities that can be imposed upon such breaching party. As per Section 18 of the ACL, the parties while in trade and commerce should not engage themselves in deceptive or misleading conduct. The elements which are necessary to establish that the party had mislead are[15]. The statement can be written or oral one. The statement must relate to commercial transactions. Silence does not amounts to misrepresentation unless otherwise is proved[16]. In case the party who is being deceived knows that it is being misrepresented then the above section does not applies[17]. As per case law of Yorke v Lucas (1985) in case there is no intentional deception by any party and the other party suffers then in that case the section does not applies[18]. This section does not apply when the deception relates to future transaction and only applies to past and present events. In case of violation of section 18 of the Australian Consumer law the following consequences may follow:[19] As per section 236 of Australian Consumer law damages can be seeked by the suffering party. As per section 243(2) of Australian consumer law the suffering partty may get ancillary orders against the deceiving party. The suffering party can get its money refunded. The suffering party can get declaration regarding the contrcat as void from court and can get avoid the contract entered into by it with he deceiving party. As per section 232 to 236 of Australian Consumer Law the suffering party can get injunction orders from court. Now, the law is applied to the given factual scenario. Application As per statutory law i.e. Australian Consumer Law Vanessa has certain rights. As per section 18 of Australian Consumer Law, Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd deceived Vanessa and gave her wrong information about the previous run of car which leads to purchase of that car by Vanessa. The same was done in trading with Vanessa by Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd. So Vanessa has rights and remedies as per section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law in which she can avoid the contract and claim from Nikhils Sales Pty Ltd. Also apart from other remedies in said section as stated. Conclusion It can be stated that Vanessa has rights under statutory law and Nikhil will have to pay for the deception on its part and Vanessa will be able to rescind the contract entered with Nikhil as per law stated above.

Research Methodology and Statistics

Various research approaches Correlation study This is the study that uses statistical measures to identify the relationship existing between variables. One of the advantages is that it provides room for simple observation of variables in their original set-up. It also protects the results hence no room for manipulation. Its disadvantage is that it does not have the ability to relate variables (McMillan and Schumacher, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) define a correlation study as â€Å"a quantitative method of research in which you measure two variables for each individual. Its collected data determines whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables† (p. 191). â€Å"Correlation study shows the relationship between two variables but do not g ive inner details and description on the mechanism of the relationship† (Gay et al., 2006, p. 11). In this study researchers are capable of making predictions on things having familiar correlation unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.32). Disadvantage is that it is not easy to remember correlational study since cause is not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish the cause of phenomena despite the existing relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p. 45). Casual-comparative study This is the method that reveals casual relationship existing between variables. It relates the subject in question to already available data provided by the management. The availability of management in this design helps in providing sufficient information for the study. However, in some instances in-depth study on independent variables is required so as to develop necessary test differences between groups. Example is a research study done on the ca uses of death amongst the newborn babies, the researcher selects the record on actual cases of babies who have died within the first month of life and then record the ‘controls’ who are the babies who survives their first month of life. The researcher then interviews the nurses to compare the history of these two groups in order to determine the prevailing risk factors that might have caused the deaths as opposed to survival (Holland et al., 1985).Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advantage is that researchers are â€Å"able to make predictions† on things that their correlations are known unlike in casual comparative study (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). The variables used in this study cannot be manipulated, hence making this method desirable. This is quite different from other study methods like correlation. The study tries to â€Å"highlight the cause of the effect† making implementation easier (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p. 190). Disadvantage of Correlation is that is difficult to remember since causes are not measured. Researchers are not able to â€Å"establish causes of events despite the relationship† (LaFountain and Bartos, 2002, p.34). Also compared to other study types like quasi experimental study, casual-comparative does not provide â€Å"an actual or accurate data to the researcher† (Resenthal and Rosnow, 1999, p.222). Quasi-experimental study This study examines the results through comparison of subjects that receive program activities and the results of such similar group that do not receive program activities. The results before and after group’s participation are compared. The advantage of this type of experiment is that it has the ability to reveal causes and effects. Its disadvantage is that it cannot establish relationship between the results (Campbell and Stanley, 1963). Quasi experiment can be very valuable in providing important information such as; detailed information about the population under study, information that identifies the expected changes and results, detailed data on the level of change that occurs over a period of time, it also provides information on the changing outcomes and those that do not change (Bogdan and Biklen, 2007). Experimental study This is the method where the variables defining one or more phenomena can be adjusted to suite the definition of other variables. One of the advantages is that it allows for direct manipulation and control of the independent variable. It limits any other explanations and allows direct casual relationship between variables. One of the limitations is that it requires a laboratory for the experiment to be undertaken; this affects the outcome since the results are artificially generated. There is minimal control of variables and this may sometimes make the experiments difficult to undertake (Campbel l and Stanley, 1963).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Research Methodology and Statistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sampling approaches Sampling is the process where a subgroup is picked from a population and then used as the main study phenomena to reveal the characteristics of the whole population. This makes it easy for the researcher to generalize the issues about the population based on the characteristics of the sample group. Advantage of sampling methods is that it is easier to collect data from small number of participants. Large population can be described using several variables which might prove to be very expensive (Borg, Gall, and Gall, 1993; Gall, Borg and Gall, 1996). The following are the different types of sampling approaches used; Random sampling This is the non-systematic collection of samples from whole population. Every member within the population holds an equal opportunity to b e included in the sample, all the process is based on chance. Example when one wants to identify preferred candidate for a post. A list of citizens who are registered voters within the region is obtained, then the names are written on cards after which the cards are mixed and selected randomly based on chance. Advantage of this method is that it provides opportunity for participation of all subjects. This approach is preferred over others because it provides chance for general results. For instance if there was a study to collect results from twenty people selected randomly or from 100 people selected using other methods, the small sample is found convenient to work with. Disadvantages include the fact that this method must have a list indicating all population members, it is also more expensive to conduct, time consuming and the data can be easily manipulated. Stratified sampling In this approach, random samples are collected from identified groups within the population. Advantage of this approach is that it ensures there is proportional presentation of members from a particular group. The disadvantages is that it’s a bit complicated and requires a lot of input since each strata must be defined in a more careful way.Advertising Looking for assessment on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This approach is used where the population comprises of distinct sub-groups that must be studied. In this case accurate estimate of each sub-group is made by taking sample of adequate size from each stratum. Estimate of the whole population can be done by first knowing the total population of each strata then adding their estimates. Cluster sampling This is where samples of successive groups are identified and divided into small units. Cluster sampling results in less accurate estimates of indicators as compared to random sampling. This is because participants found within the clusters may sometimes show similar characteristics. One advantage of this sampling method is that it is possible to work with local list even without the list of population members; it is also possible to isolate members to avoid unnecessary contradictions. Disadvantage of this method is that sometimes it is difficult to â€Å"equate clusters in a level† due to differences in characteristics. This call s for increase in the size of sample in order to find varied characteristics (Black, 1999, p 118; Wiersma, 1995). An example where it can be used is where population is spread over wide area posing some difficulty in data collection. Cluster sampling is used to concentrate fieldwork in specific clusters. External and Internal Validity of a Study Gay, Mills, Geoffrey and Airasian (2006) defines validity as â€Å"the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure; a test is valid for a particular purpose for a particular group† (p153 and 603). Validity focuses on testing and measuring the intended phenomenon. There are four types of validity; â€Å"Content validity indicates the level to which a test measures a sample of a whole population to establish its characteristics. Criterion validity indicates the capability of predicting test scores hence estimating performance based on the appraised test. While construct validity looks at mental interpretation of test performance† (Creswell, 2008, p172; Gay et al., 2006, p.152). Internal validity is a case where the research is examined to reveal whether it demonstrated any valid relationship between the variables under study (Patton, 1990). The study is considered internally valid in a case where the effects on dependant variable are due to the differences that exist between independent variables. Threats to internal validity include; past events, growth, testing, human disadvantages and effects from instruments, statistical regression, selection, mortality and imitation of treatments. On the other hand External validity presents ways on which findings are generalized across entire population or subjects under investigation (Altheide and Johnson, 1994). Threats to external validity include; â€Å"relationship between treatment and attributes, relationship between treatment and setting, conflict between multiple and treatment, pretest and post-test sensitization† (Gay et al., 2008, pp241-247). External and internal validity are related in that as more controls are implemented which increases the internal validity; the generalization of the experiment reduces. There are several threats that affect validity; however the researcher need to take some necessary measures which include; avoid using pretest results if at all it might have some effects on the posttest results (Katzer, Cook and Crouch, 1998). Also the length of the treatment period should be shortened when there is prediction that the objects used may not survive the treatment period set, dividing the subjects into half if at all the post-test may differ from the pre-test results. Prediction of non-performance of subjects on an experimental task leads to development of an alternative instruction manual (Brownell, 1992). To strengthen internal validity researchers must identify all potential barriers before running an experiment. Researchers need to implement control techniques such as balancing samples through random selection. They should further use appropriate experimental designs. Strengthening of external validity involves experimenting on a phenomenon within labs that are free from real world duplicates. Researchers also need to find out if the environment in the laboratory is the same as that in real world. Example: A researcher compares the scores of students on discussion question versus those who do not explain their points on the same questions (Yin, 1994). If the findings indicate that those who discuss questions score significantly higher than the other group, it implies that discussion of questions is effective. If at all the students who elaborate on questions are given more exercises on how to answer the questions than those who do not, then there is involvement of extraneous variable which weakens the quality and validity of the experiment (Cooper and Schindler, 2001; Leedy, 1997). Example: The percentage change in the incidence of crime in the 106th Precinct may have been the result of the normal decline in crime experienced during the fall of the year and may have had little or nothing to do with 15% increase patrol officers. The decrease in crime experienced may be attributed to any of these factors; increased patrol effects, low crime due to season, or both factors. The study is considered to be logically confounded since there was no control on seasonal variation in crime (Friel, 2010). Statistics A variable is a subject that is measured in a research study; it can be in form of an object, event or any other measurable category. It is divided into independent and dependent variable (Hittleman and Simon, 2006; Creswell, 2008). An independent variable is a variable whose characteristics are not changed by other variables, it stands alone. Examples include; â€Å"age, gender and training course† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). While dependent variable is that variable which depends on other factors, it is subject to change depending on ho w it is influenced by others (Gay and Airasian, 2000, pp 571-590). A good example is â€Å"frequency of smoking† (Creswell, 2008, p. 306). Case study I In this case the independent variable include teaching, this is because other factors such as new technology, student’s attitude might not change the meaning. Dependent variables include; student’s attitude, technology, Professor, and students. Student’s attitude is subject to change depending on the interest towards the subject and the teacher involved. Technology is subject to change depending on people’s ideas and its level of effectiveness. Professor is subject to change depending on how he/she adjusts to the new technology. The student’s are also subject to change depending on how involving the new technology is, they might improve on their study performance or not. This is non-experimental research since the independent variables cannot be measured but only observed. The statistical met hod to be used in this study is the unpaired t-test since in both groups students and teachers are independent of each other while the teaching process remains continuous (Creswell, 1994; Glass and Hopkins, 1984). Sample size n= 56 representing only one group, sample mean u= 28 STD deviation = 31.113 Variance = 968.01 Case study II In this case the dependent variable is the reinforcement schedules since the schedules can only be observed and not controlled. While the independent variables are the rein forcers (i.e. food, money and token) since they can easily be manipulated by the experimenter (Hart, 1998). In this case unpaired t-test will be used since the parameters are continuous and distributed. Comparison is to be made of the continuous distribution parameter in more than two independent variables; ANOVA will be used to generalize the unpaired t-test. This is an experimental research since the independent variables can be manipulated. Case Study III In this case independent va riable is the student achievement since it can be controlled and adjusted. While the dependent variable is their Scholastic Aptitude Test since it cannot be controlled it is natural. This is non experimental since the researcher cannot manipulate the results (Stake, 1995). Correlation analysis is suited for the analysis of this case; this is because the study tends to examine the strength of correlation between two variables that is SAT and scores. The paired t-test is recommended for this study since there are continuous parameters is distributed and compared in more than one paired group (Giddens, 1984; Gay, Mills, Geoffrey, Airasian, 2008). References Altheide, D. L., Johnson, J. M., (1994). Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in Qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 485-499) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Web. Black, T. R. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An  Integrated approach to rese arch design, measurement, and statistics. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (p. 118). Web. Bogdan, R., Biklen, K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: an  Introduction to theory and methods. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Borg, R., Gall, P., Gall, D. (1993). Applying educational research  (3rd ed.). New York: Longman. Brownell, A., (1992). Reprint of criteria of learning in educational Research. Journal of Educational Psychology (84): 400–404. Web. Campbell,T., Stanley, J., (1963). Experimental and quasi experimental designs for research on teaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 171–246). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Web. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research designs: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluation  Quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Merill Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ. Cooper, D. R. Schindler, P. S. (2001). Business research methods (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Friel, M., (2010). Assessing the goodness of a research study. College of criminal justice, Sam Houston state University. Gall, D., Borg, R., Gall, P., (1996). Educational research: An introduction. White Plains, NY: Longman. Gay, L.R., Airasian, P., (2000). Evaluation of a research report. In Educational  research: competencies for analysis and application. (pp. 571-590). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall. Web. Gay, L.R., Mills, Geoffrey. E., Airasian, P. (2008). Educational research:  Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Hall. Giddens, A. (1984). In R. Yin (1993). Applications of case study research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing. Goetz, J. P. LeCompte, M. D. (1984). Ethnology and qualitative design in  educational research. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath. Glass, G. V., Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical methods in education and  psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research methods in applied settings: An  integrated approach to design and analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research  imagination. London: Sage Publications. Hittleman, D., Simon, A.J. (2006). Interpreting educational research: an  introduction for consumers of research (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Holland et al., eds. (1985) Oxford Textbook of Public Health, Volume 3: Investigative  methods in public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katzer, J., Cook, K.H., Crouch, W.W. (1998). Evaluating information: a guide for  users of social science research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. LaFountain Bartos, R., (2002). Research and statistics made meaningful in Counselling student affairs. Web. Leedy, P. D., (1997). Practical research: planning and design (6th e d). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Miller, D.C., (2002). Handbook of research design and social measurement (6th ed). Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications. McMillan, J. H. Schumacher, S. (1993). Research in education: A conceptual  understanding. New York: HaprerCollins. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.) Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Resenthal, R., Rosnow, R.,(1999). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral Research: correlation approach. Web. Stake, R., (1995). The art of case research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Wiersma, W., (1995). Research methods in education: An introduction (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing. This assessment on Research Methodology and Statistics was written and submitted by user Helena Rosa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Public Policy Problems

Dye (2010 p.4) explains policy analysis as the process of getting to know the activities of governments, why they have to undertake such events, and the difference they realize from the activities. Policy analysis is primarily concerned with an explanation as opposed to the prescription of policy matters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Policy Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves a rigorous investigation into the causes of public policies and the associated consequences. Generally, policy analysis includes an effort to come up with and test propositions about events and activities that lead to public policy and the consequences thereof, to collect enough and reliable findings from a research activity of significant relevance (Dye, 2010, p.5). According to Jans (2007) public policy is concerned with the public and the problems it faces, that is, how the issues and problems are desc ribed and constructed, how they fit in the policy and political agenda, how options in policymaking emerge, why governments act or fail to work and the effects of the system. Through policy analysis, it becomes possible to describe, using factual information, what a given government is doing, and what it is not doing. Policy analysis also sets the platform for an inquiry into determinants and causes of particular public policy issues. From the established causes and determinants, the consequences and impacts of public policy can be inquired, including evaluation of the system in a clear and precise way (Dye, 2010, p.6). Policy analysis reveals time and context as the significant determinants of the government agenda; for instance, similar agenda items are likely to be prioritized in states whose welfare levels are identical. Moreover, issues are determined by economic cycles, for example, flexibility in labor terms and increase in efficiency alleviates public crises while the improv ed quality of life and enhanced worker welfare leads to overall growth in the economy (Jans, 2007). Generally, issues that conform to the policy paradigm that is, the leading policy ideas determine the policy that is adopted by the government at a given time. Policy analysis culminates in the understanding of public policy. It is both an art and a craft. As an art, it requires creativity, imagination, and insight in identification and description of problems in the society, in coming up with public policies to alleviate the issues, and in determining whether the systems improve the state of things or not. As a craft, policy analysis requires a broad knowledge base in economics, public administration, political science, psychology, sociology, statistics, engineering, law, natural sciences, and others. Policy analysis is, in fact, an applied subfield that encompasses all the above traditional academic disciplines (Dye, 2010, p.8).Advertising Looking for research paper on governme nt? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the policymakers to perfect their craft to come up with policies that will improve the society, they need to bring together technocrats from the various fields to work together in the process of policy formulation and implementation. Policymakers from different areas will view the public problems from multiple dimensions hence solve the issues more comprehensively. Participation of technocrats from multiple areas of specialization, therefore, is an effective way of ensuring the craft of policymaking is perfected. Moreover, the policymaking process should be reviewed and scrutinized through public participation and incremental development. Policy analysis has limitations that include subjectivity in interpretation, the possibility of disagreeing over policy problems, defects in the design of human research and the fact that government power on policy is limited and human behavior is complicate d. References Dye, T.R. (2010). Understanding Public Policy (13th Ed.). Longman: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jans, M. T. (2007). A framework for public policy analysis and policy evaluation. Brussels: Vrije University This research paper on Public Policy Problems was written and submitted by user Mathew E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Public Policy Problems Introduction Public policy is a system of laws and regulations that define the state objectives relating to various aspects (CQ Press, 2011). Additionally, public policy issues require high attention and collaborative engagement for both members of the public and state. The government, through the ministry of finance, has a broad responsibility towards ensuring that there is adequate funding to all sectors of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Public Policy Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The budget should be set such that the most urgent needs of the society are given priority. Issues such as health care, education, and training should be prioritized. Over the years, Mississippi and some parts of the United State have not been experiencing public policy problems. This discussion will focus on public policy problems in Mississippi. This is because Mississippi State is ranked as the poores t state in the United States (Conforti, 1994). The focus will be on some of those public policy problems in Mississippi. Health care issues The evaluation of health care system in Mississippi by Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) revealed that there are some aspects that needed to be prioritised. Priority was given to activities such as disease prevention, healthcare protection, and health promotion. Other policy aspects include health care for a certain population, implementation of a state-wide trauma system, and health care for people with mental illness. The government should not forget to address critical issues such as the enhancement of detection and response to the public health emergencies like the bio-terrorism (Conforti, 1994). The state should improve the economic situation of its people by allocating adequate funds to health care system to address the problems. The U.S. government should further ensure that trauma victims receive adequate attention from the experts. T his can be achieved by allocating sufficient funding to cater for training expenses (Cochran, 2012). Additionally, the federal government should provide Mississippi health care system with modern technological system to provide services to patients. Education and training issues Over the recent years, Mississippi has been experiencing serious problems in the education sector. The problems are due to unequal funding to schools. The public school funding comes from federal state and the local resources. In addition, the problems have escalated since almost half of the funding comes from local property taxes. The system generates large funding disparities between the rich and the poor states (Conforti, 1994). This means that a student schooling in New Jersey is provided more than twice the student schooling in Mississippi. The large disparity in funding translates to poor learning facilities and the inability to hire highly trained teachers. Therefore, this leads to poor performances b y students in underfunded public schools. Poor performances deny students an opportunity to enhance their education. This leads to the unemployment problem and escalated poverty (American Legion, 1937).Advertising Looking for coursework on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments that support public policy problems have not been addressed Unequal distribution of resources in Mississippi and other parts of the U.S. is a growing matter of concern. For example, according to Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), there are some unmet needs in the health sector that should be addressed (Conforti, 1994). Also, there are high disparities in income and education standards between the rich and poor states. Therefore, adequate policy framework should be adopted to address the issues before they become critical (Peters, 2004). Conclusion The U. S. government should prioritise the allocation of funds on its budget t o the most urgent sectors of the economy. From the above discussion, the U.S. government should promote the economic development of Mississippi by allocating sufficient funds to various sectors. This will ensure that the economy of Mississippi will grow, and the perceived inequality on resource distribution will be addressed comprehensively. References American Legion (1937). The American Legion magazine. Washington, D.C.: American Legion Magazine. Cochran, C.E. (2012). American public policy: An introduction. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Conforti, M. (1994). Minnesota 1900: Art and life on the upper Mississippi, 1890-1915. Newark: University of Delaware Press. CQ Press (2011). Issues for debate in American public policy: Selections from CQ Researcher. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, a division of SAGE. Peters, B.G. (2004). American public policy: Promise and performance. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Public Policy Probl ems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This coursework on Public Policy Problems was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Browning Peal Essay Essays

Browning Peal Essay Essays Browning Peal Essay Essay Browning Peal Essay Essay Browning PEAL Essay Robert Browning uses many techniques one such example being his continuous reference to women being similar to roses. Browning uses the imagery of roses throughout the poem to represent women and femininity. It is a common practice in literature for poets to refer to women as flowers, in particular roses; such as Browning has done in ‘Women and Roses’. This is because they represent natural beauty that has been created by God, which compliments the woman Browning is talking about because it shows his feelings on how he believes they don’t have to try to be beautiful. Roses also represent love and passion, the colour red is an intimate colour that represents seduction and sometimes danger as seen in ‘Of Mice and Men’ where Curley’s wife is referred to as having â€Å"full rouged lips† and â€Å"red fingernails†. The thorns on roses continues this theme of potential risk, because the simple idea of men picking roses for women could injure the man due to the thorns on the stem, this could represent how men have to fight past the hard things in love to get to the beauty or the woman. In ‘Women and Roses’, Browning also uses roses as a representation of the stages through a woman’s life going into womanhood and how she grows from a young shoot full of promise to something incredibly beautiful and natural and eventually to an old and wilted flower, â€Å"bees pass it unimpeached†. The poem is about finding perfect love with a woman, which is represented as finding a rose with no thorns, thorns being the trouble in a relationship or a woman. Browning wrote ‘Prospice’ after his beloved wife, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, died in 1861. The poem shows Browning’s beliefs on death and how he feels that he will once again be reunited with his love in the afterlife. The title Prospice can be translated as ‘look forward’, and in this poem, published in 1864, Browning is most likely looking forward to death, when he expects ‘I will clasp thee again’, meaning he will be with Elizabeth once more. Such optimism seems to contrast noticeably with the religious doubt or searching of many Victorian writers. But Browning does not claim that there is anything easy about facing death, instead he shows one way of coping. He gives the ‘Arch Fear’, death, a ‘visible form’ so that he can imagine taking him on in one last fight to show that he will not be taken easily, Barriers’ and ‘guerdon’ suggest a tournament took place. In ‘A Woman’s Last Word’ Browning uses Roman numerals to show the breaking down of a omplex subject such as a woman’s feelings after an argument. By doing this it makes it easier for the reader to follow and distinguish the different stages of feelings the character goes through and also shows the changes in direction of her attitude until she reaches submission towards her love. This is a good technique used as he wrote the poem from a woman’s point of view and has gone into a lot of deta il on how she feels and reacts to the argument.

Philosophy Inquiry Study Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Inquiry Study Review - Assignment Example The study aimed at evaluating the existing differences in responses particularly from the black children as compared to the other children in the classrooms chosen for the study. This objective involved the role of questioning in socialization and  language. Variation of questions  was evaluated  in  proportion  to other types of responses or utterances contained in the three circumstances, as well as the uses of different questions and the assumptions on the functions of questions as established by the author. The objective of the research work was to  indicate  verbal strategies, and how the resultant ethnographic data in the home and community settings could be applied in comparing the collected data in the functions of  language  studies carried out in the classrooms. The research involved collecting  information  beyond the confines of the classroom, i.e. the interactions at the children’s  home  and also the teachers’ homes. This provided the  right  criteria for effective schooling ethnography. The research also aimed at demonstrating the desirability of long term  research  as shown in the author intermittently engaging health in the study for a period of 5 years. The study also aimed at demonstrating the  utility  of incorporating a  clear  frame of reference for use in the study.  The frame of reference used for this particular study was the ethnography of communication and language socialization.  These two elements are recent developments are interdisciplinary in cultural anthropology. The study also had direct  potential  of  application  for  education  improvement in the classroom through the interaction of the community and the  school. Research method The research presents  data  on the  usage  of questions in three different  circumstances. The  study  setup  was carried  out in a city located in the Southeastern United States, known to  comprise  o f black residents of the working class  community, children from this  community  who attended the classrooms selected for the study, and also comprising of the teachers’ homes who teach in the mentioned classrooms. The field work  was carried  out for a period of five years in both institutional and community settings. Results of the study  were shared  and discussed among the institutional and community settings. The first phase of the study  was carried  out in a group comprising of only black residents with the members identifying themselves as a community, both on the basis of  group  membership or spatial members. This  group  was referred  to as  Trackton  in order to  differentiate  the  group  from the entire  public  community. Majority of  Trackton  households had one or more of their members between the ages of 21 and 45, and worked in jobs that provided  high  or  equal  salaries to the teachers. Rulings of segregation often  put  black children to be taught by white teachers, in classrooms that were  formerly  for white students. The key focus on field work was the acquisition of language uses, ways of satisfying needs of children by learning language use, information transmission, asking questions, and convincing other children and adults that they were  competent  communicators. Data  was collected  for a period of five years while observing and participating in the classrooms and some homes for the teachers. Data  collection  was done  across a broad range of  circumstances, as well as longitudinally following the

Should students be required to take general education course Essay

Should students be required to take general education course - Essay Example specialization courses, understanding of values and cultures goes for a toss (Goessl), till the passed out students realize the pressure of working in multicultural job places. There is more. In 2013, a person trained to be a businessman and an administration manager could not fare well in the post Recession world where he had to revive his father’s business of selling medication. His haste to check the growing debts kept him under stress to the extent that he took to drinking and marijuana that only further worsened his condition. Fact is life after college is filled with challenges. Some of these challenges come up in daily life while some come up in emergencies like the Global Recession. Today’s world is more dynamic and is built on the foundation that economic growth is not possible without an all-round approach to ethical, environmental, and educational investments that society at large needs to undertake. We have ignored the balance long enough, and we are the ones to have paid the price. Children growing up in today’s world understand that unless a multi-dimensional approach to education is adopted then surviving the various pressures of post-education life is not possible. However, by the time college education reckons, the expectations of teenagers and adolescents change and in their impatience to finish studies fast, a concentrated approach is what most students prefer to adopt. Students entering the portals of college life always begin by selecting the subjects of their preference and try to stick to them. However, mid-way through their studies they realize that the subject they have chosen may not be suitable for them and that is when they opt to look for a change in subjects or elective. An irony of the Western education policy is that school life does not offer the general education that empowers students to take a right decision and make a wise choice basing on their own strong points. School curricula are mostly designed to allow the

English Literature (no specific topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Literature (no specific topic) - Essay Example onversation and his impression of the other characters and their observable behavior: his wife Fran, his friend Bob, Bob’s wife Olla, their baby Harold and their exotic pet peacock Joey. However, a deeper study makes one realize that, just as much of Carver’s story remains untold, Jack’s narration leaves much unsaid to his audience. Jack is the antithesis of what one expects in a normally effective narrator: openness and a frank discourse on the unfolding narrative. Although he is the narrator, Jack, as a character, is uncommunicative, acquiescent and lacking in initiative. Jack’s character is enveloped by silence. His relationship with Fran is marred by his inability to communicate his feelings. The diversions of his married life, before the dinner, are confined to activities which require no talking – watching television or going to the movies. This silence only intensifies after the visit to Bud’s. Although, as the narrator, he says, â€Å"I couldn’t wait to be alone with Fran to tell her what I was feeling† (page 264), he admits later that â€Å"We don’t talk about it. What’s to say?† (page 265). As a narrator, he makes it obvious that he is often critical of Fran. He disagrees with her stand â€Å"Why do we need other people?† (Carver, page 252) as he values his friendship with Bob. But his habit of silence extends to his friend also and makes him â€Å"careful with what I say to him† (page 265). Although Fran’s tirade against the car race program on television, and her o vert attention to the plaster-of-Paris teeth, are distasteful to him, he remains silent and does not reprimand her. Jack, the character, only admits â€Å"I thought about those plastic teeth† (page 259), whereas Jack, the narrator, provides a lurid description of the teeth. Likewise, the peacock makes a strong impression on him, but he confines himself to a laconic â€Å"‘Goddamn’ ---There was nothing else to say† (page 254). Here again, the narrator indulges in effusive

The History Of The Probation Process Criminology Essay

The History Of The Probation Process Criminology Essay There is not a single idea about what constitute probation, but there are clear indications about the idea that all probation practices and systems to match and adjust development of place and time in terms of economic, cultural, criminal justice and political philosophies while preserving some key elements of its origin and in virtually all cases, orientation and professional identity of probation officers. Across the world, probation is in a state of state of flux or a state of crisis, although to varying reasons and varying degrees in some cases. An introduction of probation and further development, criminal justice system should be developed on existing social structure and it must also be supported by working to enhance what is already there. It should not be taken as external solution to internal criminal justice problems, (Hink, 1961) governance or penology, but it must be taken as a possible framework into which locally feasible and desirable solutions may be fitted. For effective process of probation, there must be planned introduction of probation, as an effective, non custodial sanction and cost efficient, the following paper presents history of probation, in case of probation process, legal pre-conditions and legislative pre-conditions should either be established or exist either in law, procedure or policy in professional rules of practice, Process of probation, difference between formal, informal, misdemeanor and felony probation, and in the last it presents leading theories governing probation process and which alternatives can improve the process of probation. Probation process and historical roots: Origins of probation can be traced back to early English practices, and this practice gradually developed until 19th century. Several countries made significant contributions during 1880. Probation process began to receive acceptance in United States of America during 1870s. Essentially it developed from the beginning of twentieth century, while many reasons with varying degrees, throughout Europe and North America. The process of probation has its roots from two distinct origins, civil and common law, but the historical development of probation also influenced by the development of infantile justice system positivism in ideologies of control (Blumberg,1979) outside of criminal justice system and criminology. As opposed to repression, from historical perspective evolution of probation reflects tension between control, care and custody, individualism and discretion versus legalism and reintegration. From 1800s to present time, probation process officers have been trying in different w ays to remake, (Hink, 1961) reform, restructure and remould the lives of offenders into good, law bidding and honest citizens. After World War, II it was strides in majority that made that led to the development of modern and complex probation service structure that exist now. It was the optimistic views that exist at that time, in the efficiency of social work with offenders to achieve probation officers and perfectibility of man in 1960s that were part of a criminal justice system, which was moving toward the rehabilitative ideal. Method of social work, casework was used for rehabilitation of offenders was attempted. In the coming years, other techniques were used by probation officers, such as including group work, task centered work, community work, behavioral contracts, family therapy, behavior modification, reality therapy, and social skills etc. Probation service was standing at the very heart of penal practices and policy; twenty five years ago from now. The emphasis was on rehabilitation, resettlement, social case work and individualism, social work and reintegration approach to social problems. The prevailing problem of crime was understood as problem of families and individuals, and families in the need of help and support of communities that were disadvantaged and disorganized. The focus of intention was not only crime itself but the instant offence being a matter of mostly legal concern, instead the social and personal problems that underlay this criminal behavior. (Best, Birzon,1962). Crime was a trigger for intervention, a presenting symptom, rather than probation officers focal point action. It was the probation service that led agency carrying forward a progressive program for controlling the crime, through social intervention. It was the vanguard of effort to humanize and rationalize practices of penal to use expertise, social work techniques, trained clinical judgment, and criminological knowledge to deal with crime. For instance, it was dr ew support and part of the project of welfare state, with its concerns for solidarity through state inclusiveness, (Blumberg,1979) integration, provision etc. and with distinct rationality, a habit of thought that looked for social problems and solutions to deal with any emerging problem and a style of reasoning. The process of probation has also been a part of power relations and wider structure of organizations. This part of power relations gave the enormous prestige and authority to professional expertise. With the expansion of personalized social services, and creation of extensive social work, the professional society reached its halcyon days in 1960s. In the process of creation of extensive social work, network, probation service was featured as s long established and highly skilled agency, (Hink, 1961) deriving authority from the court-based functions as well as its credentials of social work. In professionalized context, social problems including family breakdown and resettl ement, crime and delinquency that required social solutions and trained professionals and social workers. At an accelerating pace over last five years and over last two decades, field of criminal justice and criminal control, has been reconfigured in important ways. Although its relation to process has been, problematic that transformation was deeply implicated by probation service. The philosophy and movement underpinning it that followed created a shift towards human containment and deterrence as motivation in sentencing. A justice model emerged in late 1970s and early 1980s, as did the concept of just deserts. (McEachern, Newman,1969) In 1990s deprivation or incapacitation of liberty became the methodology followed by alternatives of alternatives to imprisonment, another correctional philosophy evolved, a combination of all previous philosophies but on that relies greatly on risk control techniques within crime reduction activities. Process of Probation: In the probation process, if a defendant pleads guilty, no contest, or is found guilty, the judge may request investigation for pre-sentence probation department. In the process of compiling the investigation, an interview of defendant is conducted by probation officer, moreover reviews the criminal history and personal background information, (Hink, 1961) contacts the victims if institutions are involved, after this recommendations for sentencing are made to judge. On the basis of this information, defendant may be sentenced by judge for up to one year. It is the responsibility of probation officer to monitor and ensure the compliance with conditions orders by judge. If there is non-compliance with terms and conditions it will probably result in further actions by court. These actions may include imposition of suspended jail time or fines. Juveniles may be sentenced to detention for failing to comply with court orders. (McEachern, Newman,1969). Probation sentence may include following conditions: Costs of court or Fines: The person who is facing the probation will be responsible for payments of fees, fines, court costs imposed on that specific case. Judge can impose $999 as maximum fine, depending on the basis of type of offense. (Best, Birzon,1962) The probationers have the option of performing community service in lieu of payment of fine, fees and costs. Detention / Jail Judge has authority to order to probationer to serve a jail sentence, depending on the type of offence. Moreover probationers who failed to comply with terms or found in violation of probation terms and conditions of their sentence may found in contempt of court and sentenced to jail or detention. Home detention: In case of violation of probation, violating probationer may face home detention. He will wear electronic ankle bracelet that monitors and ensured the probationers whereabouts. Probation officer will be notified immediately if probationer moves outside the range of his home, in this case, probationer is subject to further court action. Community Service: For young and adult, probationers to comply with mandatory service hours of community and they must also have option to perform community services in lieu of payment of their fines, fees, and costs related to probation. This community service must be performed at charitable and non-profit agencies. All young probationers under age of 17, are required to perform related community service hours through department f probation that are supervising the community service program. Probationers with age of 18 years old, have option to select community service agency on their own. A list of city department and non-profit agencies that utilizes the community service work program is available online. Life Choices Educational Classes: Probationers are required to attend court mandated classes, who are under the age of 25, presented by Street Beat program and designed to help the adults and young people to set goals and gain success. These mandated classes encourage the probationers to examine decision-making process that led them to have positive life skills. Mandated classes are also offered in Spanish. Counseling: Probationers may be required to comply with court ordered treatment and counseling who are assessed to be experiencing substance abuse or mental health issues. Services of counseling are also available through county agencies or privately. Adult probationers who present substance abuse issues. These issues of substance abuse can be referred to weekly substance education group, with which department currently contracts. Restitution: In case of victims except traffic violations, probationer may be ordered by court to compensate the victims for out of pocket losses. A total of $8,805 was collected in the form of restitution in 2011. Breathalyzer Tests and Drug Urinalysis: Probationers with substance abuse may be required to submit random alcohol breathalyzer tests and drug urinalysis test. This testing procedure is administered by several local vendors in Longmont. Probation Officers: Role of supervision is to supervise defendants while remaining in the community. Standard size of caseload may vary from 45 to 300 individuals according to locale. Caseload sizes are increasing depending on financial considerations, as departments leave some probation officer position vacant. Some specific caseload sizes are legislated but cannot surpass those limits. Supervised Probation: Supervised probation is also known as formal probation. Supervised probation is granted to an offender who must report in a person to his or her probation officer. Formal probation is used in case of more serious offenses. Under the jurisdiction of probation department, all adults placed on formal probation. (Stalans, Yarnold, Seng, Olson, Repp, 2004) Probationers under supervised probation are required to check in with an officer, strict conditions of probation and subject to home visit. Supervised probation is also searchable type of probation. Non-supervised probation: Non-supervised probation also known as summary probation, court probation or called summary court probation. Both federal and state government place formal probation on individuals, to determine if a defendant will be placed on formal or informal probation, Sentencing guidelines may apply to some extent, the judge has some sentencing leeway. Offenders will receive informal probation on acts such as violation of traffic rules or certain misdemeanors. Traditionally, informal probation does not include searchable probation; the person having the condition of searchable probation may have their home, person and car searched by law enforcement. . (Best, Birzon,1962) People on non-supervised probation, do not assign with a probation officer and also they are not monitored. Probationers under informal probation are asked to report to judge periodically. Informal probation has terms such as attending any drug or alcohol treatment program, or to complete community service requirements. This type of probation is of short duration may be of one month. After the probation is over, it means that offender has fulfilled the terms of sentence. The differences between felony and misdemeanor probation: The difference always does not clear between felony and misdemeanor probation from state to state in different countries and U.S as well. If we wish to define the misdemeanor probation, it can be defined as maximum length of time a person can be imprisoned for the committed crime, this period usually no more than one year, whereas in case of felony, minimum time of imprisonment is one year. So it can be said that any crime that is not felony, is a misdemeanor by nature. (Stalans, Yarnold, Seng, Olson, Repp, 2004) In case, if property is stolen or purposeful damage has been done to property, charge of misdemeanor or felony will be decided on the basis on the basis of dollar amount of damage or missing property. For instance, if any person incurs purposeful damage in Arizona, that costs under $250 dollars or charged with misdemeanor. If however, the damage is between $250 $2000 USD, the charge is generally a  class 6 felony. Higher amounts of damage may up the class of the felony a nd result in more time in a penitentiary. Leading theories governing the probationary process: From the past three decades, the principal for effective application of parole and probation process have received favorable mention in practitioner circles. By zero tolerance for behaviors that are better characterized as nuisances than as precursors of criminal acts and desire to appear tough on crime via harsh punishment, implementation of probation and parole has been fragmented or nonexistent and also subject to political sentiments. Some practitioners and policy makers market increased violations as a public safety enhancement even though there is no evidence to support this belief. The role of probation officer is very critical in effective process of probation; he is the one who makes sure the successful implementation of policies, procedures and laws about probation. There are different categories of probation officers and have different duties according to their roles, but some general duties are commonly shared by all categories. From start till the end of process of probation, probation officer remains critical in the process. He must conclude the probation case while including all the key information and details of probation process, causes and implications on that case by law and their implementation in an effective way. Conclusion: Probation process is an effective element to reduce criminal activities in a society. Probation process aimed at not only punishing the offenders but it also delivers policies that are concerned about correction of society and individuals who are causing disturbance in the society. There are also different categories of penalties and imprisonment (Whitehead,1987) depending on the age of the offender, and this so good, as imprisonments have been decided about while keeping in view it psychological impact on the offender. Probation process is necessary for affective implementation of laws and policies about sound and safe functioning of societal process.

Gov’t Paper

People each have different personalities that others like and dislike about them. These individuals can be funny or serious; nice or a jerk; a talker or a listener. All this makes up a person and who they are. A person's personality is similar to a news program; sometimes they can be biased and unreliable; other times they are spot-on and trustworthy. Hardball and O'Reilly are both news programs that display their news differently. While both commentators give their opinions on the subjects, Chris Matthews pushes his opinion more than O'Reilly. During times where Matthews has guest speakers, he always tends to argue with the one that does not agree with his opinions; he pushes his ideas into his opponents' head, not letting them express their thoughts. Even though he refuses to let one's opinions out, Matthews allows the other, who agrees with him, to talk. In other words, he is hard-headed and believes his opinion is right. On one occasion, Jonathan Alters, gave his opinion about how the Republicans are attempting to woo the Latinos' votes, Matthews shuts him up by talking over him, basically yelling. Alters looks as if he was about to burst into tears. On the other hand, O'Reilly tends to ask for his guest speakers' view first, then adding his own. He actually allows them to finish their views, seeing their points out, instead of cutting them off. O'Reilly and Chris Matthews both have different perspectives in the topics that were discussed. O'Reilly leans towards the liberal side, while Matthews is a conservative. For example, O'Reilly notices how everything is based on race, and believes no one should be judged by that. However, it seems that Matthews only wants the Republicans to focus their targets on the white people and not Latinos. In one specific topic that both commentators discussed, the Zimmerman trial, it seems each were on one or the other sides. Chris Matthews argues that Zimmerman acted on self-defense, while O'Reilly gave both sides, but showed sympathy towards Trayvon Martin's family. O'Reilly has more facts, making it seem like his show was a news' show, while Hardball with Chris Matthews is all about argumentative opinions. O'Reilly adds statistics to show subjects and backs each topic with facts. For example, there was a segment about the Arizona forest fire that killed nineteen firefighters. O'Reilly gave facts like how the firefighter had contacted the headquarters, saying that they are using their heat shelters, which was the last resort. Then O'Reilly explains what these heat shelters are, a foil-like blanket that can protect the firefighters from the heat for a certain amount of time. Unlike O'Reilly, Matthews did not give facts, only his own opinions. During the Zimmerman trial segment, he only showed Mark Osterman taking the stand to defend his best friend. He then argues with the guest defense attorney, when she was explaining the harm that was inflicted on Zimmerman. It seems that O'Reilly is more genuine and actually cares about the public's interest. At the end of his show, he had a tip of the day, giving feedback to the audience who sends him e-mails. Hardball had a serious attitude, while O'Reilly had a calm attitude. During Hardball's segments, there was a lot of tension with the arguments. Also, his introduction had the serious music like it was life or death. In O'Reilly's introduction, it had funny captions, and in his segments, he had a calm manner. While Chris Matthews attempted to add humor and jokes into his show, it was not understood. He used a blue cow reference, but some people do not know the meaning of it, so it proved to be ineffective to draw the audience in. However, in O'Reilly's segments, the humor and jokes had a positive impact. After a serious discussion about the Zimmerman trial, to lighten the tension, Megyn Kelly and O'Reilly joked around. Megyn Kelly had given him a chocolate bar as her way of buying dinner. Then she explains that she is going on maternity leave until the fall, but O'Reilly jokingly said she won't be back until next year. Both persons continue to banter back and forth, while the camera crew laughed in the background. This was of course not planned, making it actually humorous. There has been significant issues about race in political topics. In Fremont, Nebraska, the townspeople are frustrated with the undocumented immigrants obtaining jobs in the town. Since Fremont is a meat packaging town, these townspeople need the jobs that the immigrants are taking. These illegal immigrants are sending money back to their home country to their families, so Fremont does not profit from this. In an attempt to stop this, he townspeople want to banned the undocumented individuals from renting apartments and houses without proper documentations. According to U. S. District Judge Laurie Smith Camp, it is a discrimination to deny housing permits to those who were not in the country legally and it interferes with federal laws. However, the town counters back with a policy that requires businesses to use the federal E-ve rify software to check on the employees. Another topic discussed was how Republicans were trying to win the Latin American voters. The Republicans think that if they talk about the immigration reforms they will gain more voters. However, it was stated that no matter what, Latinos will most likely vote for Democrats even if immigration reforms were discussed by the Republicans. The most important topic discussed was the Zimmerman trial. When this first happened, people across the country defended Trayvon Martin, thinking that he was targeted for being a colored person and looking suspicious by wearing a black hoodie at night. Zimmerman was on the night watch around his neighborhood when these two ran into each other. A fight broke out, leading to Zimmerman pulling and shooting the gun at Martin. Zimmerman pled that he was acting in self-defense. All over the country, people even news station wanted Zimmerman to plead guilty to avoid race riots to occur. Nowadays, news delivery is on the decline of being trustworthy. Reporters, journalists, and those who deliver the news to the public now will spin the news to fit what the audience wants or to fit their own opinion. These people can twist a person's opinion just by intensifying the language and speech. The audience will then notice, â€Å"Hey, they are using powerful words; this makes them sound smart so therefore correct. If the newscasters exude confidence and seem to â€Å"know what they are talking about†, they will have more followers. The public tends not to look for the credibility of the sources or even the sources themselves to see if they are reliable. Instead, the public will definitely look for superficial materials like the appearance of the person delivering the news, how the program looks, or if other p eople like it. If someone were to wear casual clothes, their credibility increases; also if the newscaster was attractive, people tend to listen to them. For example, people tune in to Anderson Cooper on CNN and practically worship the ground he walks, just because of his appearance. If the delivery of the news looks not well done, not all people will want to read or view it. People want professional, not something that someone can program in five minutes. An individual will also tend to get advice from their peers as to what to read or watch. For example, if a person trashed a news station to his or her friend, the friend will not want to get information from that news station. With that being said, nowadays, people judge the book by its cover and not by the information provided. Most news station are affiliated with a political party. For example Fox News, when taking politics will favor the Republican view while MNSBC will favor the Democratic view. With that being said, each will attract a different group of people who agree with that the news station has to say. This makes the shows heavily biased. What I've learned through these research sources, is that there are still racial conflicts throughout the United States. Watching the two news program, Hardball and O'Reilly, each segment had something to do with race and ethnics. Latinos are especially targeted, whether it is to win their votes or to get them out of â€Å"American† jobs. Even though, today there are still some segregation in the communities, people will band together to defend someone of different skin color. What I do not get is that if people will defend Trayvon Martin and not know what actually happened, why can't they support the Latin Americans coming into America in search of an opportunity? I think people are just on the bandwagon. They think that supporting Trayvon Martin will make them look like the good guys, but in reality it just makes them look ignorant and stupid. I also learned that each news program is affiliated with a political party, making them biased and untrustworthy because they only address one side of the story. I know that they are just doing that to gain viewers, but if they just address both sides, there will be more educated people and not opinionated. I think the audience should also be aware of what is happening in our country right now. After watching these two shows, I am more aware of these topics. I never paid attention to the political topics and did not know how the Republicans were trying to woo the Latin American voters. My opinions on the two shows differ from each other. I absolutely could not stand watching Hardball. I think Chris Matthews is a hard-headed jerk. He does not think the other opinions matter but his. He yells at his guests when he is talking to them. I could not wait for it to end, and I nearly celebrated when it was over. On the other hand, I was more interested in O'Reilly just by how he represented the topics. He did it in a formally fashioned way; it felt like a conversation with some debates. I actually paid closer attention because of the humor and learned a few things along in the show. I felt that O'Reilly actually cared about the subjects because he gives both sides to the story. Both Hardball and O'Reilly display their information differently. These news shows are like a person's personality; they express emotions and thoughts. Each individual has a different personality that makes them who they are. A personality can make someone like or dislike an individual.

Empowerment of Women in India Essay

WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT? In the simplest of words it is basically the creation of an environment where women can make independent decisions on their personal development as well as shine as equals in society. Women want to be treated as equals so much so that if a woman rises to the top of her field it should be a commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a raised eyebrow at the gender. This can only happen if there is a channelized route for the empowerment of women. Thus it is no real surprise that women empowerment in India is a hotly discussed topic with no real solution looming in the horizon except to doubly redouble our efforts and continue to target the sources of all the violence and ill-will towards women. CHALLENGES There are several challenges that are currently plaguing the issues of women’s rights in India. A few of these challenges are presented below. While a lot of these are redundant and quite basic issues faced across the country, these are contributory causes to the overarching status of women in India. Targeting these issues will directly benefit the empowerment of women in India. EDUCATION While the country has grown from leaps and bounds since its independence where education is concerned, the gap between women and men is severe. While 82.14% of adult men are educated, only 65.46% of adult women are known to be literate in India. Not only is an illiterate women at the mercy of her husband or father, she also does not know that this is not the way of life for women across the world. Additionally, the norms of culture that state that the man of the family is the be-all and end-all of family decisions is slowly spoiling the society of the country. Women Empowerment in India Data Source: Census of India 2011 As said in a study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism, In spite of the UN Charter of Human Rights and the provisions of the Indian Constitution, women continue to be victims of exploitation. The view that the future generation of a family is carried on and preserved by boys-only has degraded the position of women in society. Similarly, it is noticed that majority of the women are lacking in the spirit of rebellion. If careful attention is not paid and major steps are not taken, the situation will become extremely critical. Eradicating this gap and educating women about their real place in the world is a step that will largely set this entire movement rolling down the hill to crash and break the wall of intolerance, negligence and exploitation. ACTIONS TAKEN TO EMPOWER WOMEN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL The United Nations Development Programme constituted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for ensuring equity and peace across the world. The third MDG is directly related to the empowerment of women in India. The MDGs are agreed-upon goals to reduce certain indicators of disparity across the world by the year 2015. The third MDG is centred towards promoting gender equality and empowering women: â€Å"Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015† While India’s progress in this front has been brave, there are quite a few corners that it needs to cut before it can be called as being truly revolutionary in its quest for understanding what is women empowerment. As UNDP says:- India missed the 2005 deadline of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education. However, the country has hastened progress and the Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratios (GER) in primary and secondary education has risen. Given current trends, India is moderately or almost nearly on track. However, as the Government of India MDG Report 2009 notes, â€Å"participation of women in employment and decision-making remains far less than that of men, and the disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015.† Achieving GPI in tertiary education also remains a challenge. In addition, the labour market openness to women in industry and services has only marginally increased from 13-18 percent between 1990-91 and 2004-05. MINISTRY FOR WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Ministry for Women & Child Development was established as a department of the Ministry of Human Resource Development in the year 1985 to drive the holistic development of women and children in the country. In 2006 this department was given the status of a Ministry, with the powers to:- Formulate plans, policies and programmes; enacts/ amends legislation, guiding and coordinating the efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organisations working in the field of Women and Child Development. It delivers such initiatives such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) which is a package of services such as supplementary nutrition, health check-ups and immunisation. As mentioned earlier, the empowerment of women begins with their safety and health and this Ministry is committed to providing them. National Commission for Women The National Commission for Women is a Department within the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was set up exclusively to help women via the Constitution – by reviewing Legal and Constitutional safeguards for women, recommending remedial legislative measures, by facilitating quick redressal of grievances and by advising the Government of India on all policy matters affecting women. The website allows for online submission of complaints and fast redressal exclusively for women. Additionally it is also a good resource of information for women and the Commission is committed to helping out women in need.

Essay on Rubbish system

Essay on Rubbish system Essay on Rubbish system Rubbish system Solar Panels Problem The rubbish that is we are littering on our streets and waterways do is affecting the life of our marine animals and destroys their food chain. Only 20 % of the litter that is produced goes to landfill. The remainder goes to waste recycling, into streets; parks and ocean which ills marine life and small landfill that cannot create energy. There are many types of rubbish systems, however one of the best rubbish disposal is the most common is household waste. You put your rubbish in the bin, which is connected with a pipe that is under ground. The pipe pumps the rubbish to a landfill place where it stays for a period of time. Consolidated in this place you can get energy from the gases that are released. The gases are called methane and carbon dioxide. Once processes completed you can use that energy or sell it to a power company for profit. Is a good way to generate energy? It is sustainable process and saleable product. How does it work; the suns enters into a crystal panel converter that uses the energy of the sun and turns it into power. The excess power not used goes into a grid that you can store or sold to a power station for income. Using energy in this form we reduce our carbon footprint and stop polluting our environment for a safe and healthy free future. Wind Turbines Problem Our earth keeps on getting warmer and warmer due to Release of gases called Methane and carbon dioxide and Making the earth like a greenhouse trapping the heat. We need to use these solutions to our advantage and stop Our earth turning our earth into a greenhouse. Wind turbines are placed in open field that gets a lot of wind Through them. They are often located on the coastline or in Specific locations where wind is strong. The wind spins the Turbine the movement generates energy which goes into a Grid and can be stores in a grid available for use when needed. Sewage water Sewage is where your human waste goes, unfortunately most of the sewage goes out into the ocean that which effects marine life. Sewage is where your human waste is discarded. The dirty water flows down the sink or toilet to the sewer treatment plant where it is cleaned then you can recycle it. Then it is ready to be consumed and it is piped to house where it is as clean as new. How does it work? Your human waste goes through tunnels to get to work site to be cleaned. Flowing through sand filters to get rid of the dirt cleans it. Cleaned water is then pumped into reservoirs a pipes and flows